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Contracts
Awards
Under solicitation number SB1341-03-Q-0322, firm fixed-price purchase
orders have been awarded to experts in five technical areas for their experience
and judgment at the most senior professional level to provide expert technical
assistance as follows:
Area 1: Analysis and Design of High-Rise Steel Buildings
A purchase order for Area 1 has been awarded to four experts
from Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM) Structural Engineering
Office in Chicago, Illinois. They are recognized international
leaders in the design of tall buildings and specialize in design and
analysis
of
high-rise
steel buildings and performing independent peer reviews. These
experts are well qualified to conduct an independent, in-depth,
third-party review
and critique of the work conducted under contract SB1341-03-W-0332
for the development of structural databases from original computer
printouts of the WTC towers, the development of reference structural
analysis
models,
and the analysis of the baseline structural response of the towers
under design wind and gravity loads. The specific tasks the experts
will perform
include:
- In-depth, written review and critique of the work done by the contractor.
The review shall include: (1) random checks of the databases;
(2) appropriateness of the models for their intended uses, and
(3) appropriateness of the baseline performance analyses and accuracy
of results.
- In-depth, written review and critique of the wind loading
criteria developed by NIST.
- In-depth, written review of
all interim and final reports produced by the contractor for
development of models
and baseline performance.
This expert team consists of four licensed structural engineers (SE)
with relevant backgrounds and appropriate knowledge in structural
design and analysis of high-rise steel buildings:
Mr. William F. Baker, PE, SE, is a structural engineering partner
at SOM with over 22 years of structural engineering experience involving
design of high-rise buildings, long span roofs, and special structures.
He is a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).
He is widely recognized for his expertise in the fields of tall building
design, innovative structural systems, and advanced structural analysis
methods. His expertise has made him a frequent lecturer around the
globe, and he is the author of numerous articles on innovation in
structural engineering. Examples of his design projects include:
- AT&T
Corporate Center, Chicago (1990): a 63-story office
tower
- Structural engineering peer review of the
Petronas towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1996): two
88-story towers
- Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai, China (1998):
a 88 story multi-use complex including office, hotel,
and retail
- Plaza Rakyat Office Tower, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia (1999): a 77 story tower
- 7 South Dearborn,
Chicago (2002): a proposal for 110 story office, retail
and residential tower
Mr. D. Stanton Korista, PE, SE, is a structural/civil
engineering director at SOM with 38 years of structural
engineering experience
that includes about 200 projects around the world. His design
and peer review work includes high-rise towers, hotels,
educational projects,
corporate headquarters, and residential towers. He is a distinguished
member of more than twenty engineering associations, including
several fellowships. Examples of his design projects include:
- AT&T
Corporate Center, Chicago (1990): a 63-story office
tower
- Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai, China (1998): a 88 story
multi-use complex including office, hotel, and retail
- Xiamen
Posts and Telecommunications Building, Fujian Province,
China (2000): a 66-story office tower
- 7 South Dearborn,
Chicago (2002): a proposal for 110 story office, retail
and residential tower
- Tower Palace III, Seoul, South
Korea (2003): a 73-story residential tower
Mr. John J.
Zils, PE, SE, is a senior structural engineer and associate
partner at SOM with about 37 years of structural
engineering experience
including many of SOM’s best known and most complex structures.
He is a fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE) and the American Institute of Architects (AIA). He
has published numerous
articles on engineering advancements, lectures frequently,
and has served as an adjunct professor at the University
of Illinois. Examples
of his design projects include:
- The Sears Tower, Chicago
(1974): a 110-story office building
- Onterie Center Tower,
Chicago (1984): a 60 story residential tower
- Dearborn
Tower, Chicago (1990): a proposal for 84-story office
and retail complex
- 7 South Dearborn, Chicago (2002):
a proposal for 110 story office, retail and residential
tower
Mr. Robert C.
Sinn, PE, SE, is a senior structural engineer and associate
partner at SOM and has about 19 years of
structural engineering experience
ranging from high-rise buildings to long-span roofs. Mr.
Sinn has extensive experience in computer-applied analysis
and design techniques.
He is a fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE). In 1999, he received ASCE’s award for innovation
in Civil Engineering for his work on the Guggenheim Museum,
Bilbao, Spain. Examples of
his design projects include:
- Structural engineering peer review
of the Petronas towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1996):
two 88-story towers
- Plaza Rakyat Office Tower, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia (1999): a 77 story tower
- Xiamen Posts
and Telecommunications Building, Fujian Province, China
(2000): a 66-story office tower
- 7 South Dearborn, Chicago
(2002): a proposal for 110 story office, retail and
residential tower
Area 2: Computational Mechanics for Aircraft Impact Analysis
A purchase order for Area 2 has been awarded to Dr. David
M. Parks, an independent consultant. Dr. Parks is a world-class
expert in the fields of computational and applied mechanics and the
mechanical
behavior of engineering materials. The specific tasks Dr.
Parks will perform include:
- Provide expert technical assistance in
identifying appropriate
constitutive relationships and failure criteria for
the various structural materials considered in the analysis
of
aircraft
impacts into the
WTC towers.
- Conduct in-depth, review and critique of
the work done on the finite element analysis of aircraft
impacts into
the towers. The reviews shall include (1) the appropriateness
of the models
for
their intended uses, and (2) the appropriateness
of the impact analyses and the accuracy of the results
including
estimates
of damage
to the
towers and dispersal of fragments.
Dr.
Parks has over 30 years of experience in finite element
analysis of fracture, plasticity, constitutive modeling,
and material strain-rate
sensitivity. Dr. Parks’ primary technical interests are in the
application of numerical methods to the analysis of fracture
and inelastic deformation of materials, both at the structural and
micro-structural
levels. He has more than 120 publications over a broad range
of topics. He served as a principal investigator on many research
projects sponsored
by government and industry. Examples of his consulting work
include failure analysis of gas turbines using fracture mechanics-based
3-dimensional
finite element modeling, analysis of failure of heat exchangers,
and analysis of the failure of the welded beam-column connection following
the Northridge earthquake. Dr. Parks has a doctorate in mechanical
engineering and holds a position of Professor of Mechanical
Engineering
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
For the analysis of aircraft impact into the WTC towers, Dr. Parks
will be providing expertise in the following areas:
- Nonlinear computational mechanics with emphasis on materials constitutive
modeling, plasticity, dynamic plastic fracturing, material
failure, and material strain rate sensitivity.
- Fracture
mechanics and plasticity.
- Nonlinear finite element analysis
including large deflections, plasticity, contact behavior,
and failure of components
(element erosion).
Area 3: Thermal-Structural Analysis of Structural Systems
Exposed to Fire
A purchase order for Area 3 has been awarded to Prof. Kaspar
Willam, a Professor of Civil Engineering at the University
of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado. Dr. Willam will provide technical expertise
and assistance for analysis of the structural response of
the impact-damaged
WTC 1 and 2, and of WTC 7, to uncontrolled fires. The analyses
will include separate evaluations of components and subsystems (exterior
and interior columns, floor truss members, floor system)
and of the
global structural system response. The specific tasks Dr.
Willam will perform include:
- Provide expert technical assistance in finite
element and analytical
modeling for thermal-structural analysis of structural
systems, characterization and constitutive relations
of materials at elevated temperature, and
thermal analysis and thermal-structural response of
structural systems.
- Conduct in-depth, review and critique of the
work done
on the thermal-structural response of the WTC towers
to fire. The review shall include: a) appropriateness
of the models for their
intended
uses, including modeling assumptions, level of detail,
model geometry and material properties, and verification
and validation
procedures;
and b) appropriateness of the analyses and accuracy
of results.
Dr. Willam has a doctorate in civil engineering and is a
recognized expert with over 33 years of experience in the fields of finite
element
analysis, constitutive modeling, inelastic behavior, thermo-mechanical
behavior of materials and structures, and computing in applied
mechanics. He has published numerous papers in each of these fields.
He is a
Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE),
a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and
a Fellow
of the US Association of Computational Mechanics (USACM).
He received the Newmark medal of the American Society of Civil Engineers
in 2003
for his outstanding contributions in structural engineering
and mechanics. He will be providing technical assistance and expertise
in the following
areas.
- Temperature-dependent thermal and mechanical materials
characterization and constitutive modeling.
- Analytical modeling
and transient thermal and thermal-mechanical finite element
analysis.
- Analytical modeling and nonlinear finite element
analysis of structural systems subjected to degradation
of
mechanical properties at elevated temperatures.
Area 4: Structural System Failure and Collapse Sequences
A purchase order for Area 4 has been awarded to Teng & Associates
in Chicago, Illinois to provide technical expertise and assistance
for analysis of structural systems, failure, and collapse
sequences of WTC 1, 2, and 7. Structural system analysis includes the
design,
analysis, and behavior of high-rise steel buildings, lateral
(wind) and gravity systems, connection design, structural redundancy,
and
load redistribution. Structural collapse analysis includes
failure behavior and characterization of structural systems under extreme
loads, finite element modeling of member and system failure,
local
and global instability, large deflections, yielding, fracture,
and creep. The specific tasks the experts will perform include:
- Provide
expert technical assistance in finite element and analytical
modeling of member failure sequences leading to collapse
initiation, appropriate constitutive models for members
experiencing thermally-induced
capacity reduction and/or increased loads from load
redistribution, and failure criteria for members and system failure.
- Conduct
in-depth, review and critique of the work done
on the collapse analysis of the WTC towers. The review
shall include: a) appropriateness of the models for
their intended uses,
including
modeling assumptions, level of detail, model geometry
and material properties, and verification and validation procedures;
and b) appropriateness
of the analyses and accuracy of results.
The team from Teng & Associates
consists of a Principal Structural Consultant and two licensed structural
engineers (SE) with relevant
backgrounds and appropriate knowledge in structural design
and analysis of steel high-rise buildings and the behavior and characterization
of structural system failure:
- Dr. Shankar Nair, Senior
Vice President of Teng & Associates,
is the Principal Structural Consultant. Dr. Nair is a licensed structural
engineer with a doctorate in civil engineering and over 33 years of
experience in the design and analysis of high-rise building structures.
He has developed many of the structural designs of Chicago’s
tall buildings of 30 to 70 stories. Dr. Nair has published numerous
technical papers on tall building design, advanced structural analysis
methods, and global structural stability theory and analysis. The
quality of engineering in Dr. Nair’s work has been recognized
by awards from the American Institute of Steel Construction,
the American Consulting Engineers Council, and twelve
awards from the Structural
Engineers Association of Illinois, including six of the
annual Most Innovative Structure awards. He served as
the chairman of the Council
on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat from 1997 to 2001.
- Mr.
Miroslav Sulc is a licensed structural engineer with
a master’s
degree in architectural and structural engineering
and over 30 years of experience in project management,
structural design
and analysis,
and review of working and shop drawings. Mr.
Sulc has a broad range of experience of building types
and
construction, with a specialization
in wind analysis, shear walls, and foundation design.
- Dr. Todd Ude is a licensed structural engineer with a
doctorate in civil engineering and experience in structural
reliability, extreme
loads and dynamic response analysis. His experience
includes detailed nonlinear analyses of an existing steel
bridge structure that consider
yielding, fatigue, and fracture failure modes.
Area 5: Assessment of Most Probable Structural Collapse Sequences
One purchase order for Area 5 has been awarded to the team of Dr.
Daniele Veneziano and Dr. Jozef Van Dyck as independent consultants
to provide technical expertise and assistance for the formal probabilistic
assessment approach that will be developed and implemented to support
the determination of the most likely sequence of events leading to
the structural collapse of WTC 1, 2, and 7. The analysis will integrate
multiple disciplines effectively and discern which input and analysis
parameters significantly influence the analysis methods used to simulate
these events. Several methods shall be considered:
- Probabilistic and statistical methods, particularly event tree
and Monte Carlo methods, Bayesian updating, stochastic
modeling, and uncertainty quantification in complex systems.
- Application
of probability and statistical methods to structural
systems; structural reliability analysis; structural
load modeling and analysis of combinations of loads;
probabilistic risk
assessment
of engineered facilities.
Dr. Veneziano and Dr. Van Dyck have worked as a team for over 18
years on a large number of projects worldwide, involving probabilistic
modeling of structural loads, engineering risk and reliability assessment,
statistical data analysis, and uncertainty propagation. These projects
often involve the use of sensitivity analysis, Monte Carlo simulations,
and event-tree uncertainty propagation and Bayesian updating.
Dr. Veneziano has a doctorate in civil engineering and is an internationally
recognized expert with numerous published papers in the fields of
probabilistic modeling of structural loads, engineering risk and reliability
assessment, statistical data analysis, and uncertainty propagation
and Bayesian updating techniques. He has over 28 years of consulting
experience in a broad range of fields, including analysis of seismic
risk, hazard assessment, and Bayesian uncertainty updating, uncertainty
quantification and decision in nuclear repositories for 69 sites in
the eastern US, structural safety reliability of the Leaning Tower
of Pisa, Italy based upon past field measurements, and a reliability
analysis of the proposed Messina suspension bridge between Italy and
Sicily for different failure modes. Dr. Veneziano holds a position
of Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Dr. Van Dyck has a doctorate in civil engineering and is the Director
of Probabilitas N.V., a Belgian company that specializes in engineering
risk, probabilistic modeling, statistical analysis, and uncertainty
management. He is a part-time professor at the University of Leuven,
Belgium, where he teaches probabilistic and statistical methods in
engineering. He has over 18 years of experience and has published
numerous papers in engineering risk, probabilistic modeling and statistical
analysis, and uncertainty management.
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